Henry I. Miller
Henry I. Miller, a physician and molecular biologist and a fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, was the founding director of the Office of Biotechnology at the U.S. Food & and Drug Administration. His most recent book is The Frankenfood Myth.
Henry I. Miller, a physician and molecular biologist and a fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, was the founding director of the Office of Biotechnology at the U.S. Food & and Drug...
Susanne Lundin is Professor of Ethnology at Lund University, Sweden.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It was founded on 16 October 1945 in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. In 1951 its...
Journalist Priya Shetty specialises in developing world issues including health, climate change and human rights. She writes a blog, Science Safari, on these issues. She has worked as an editor at...
New Scientist was founded in 1956, this internationally-focused weekly British magazine aims at giving readers exhaustive information on recent worldwide developments in science from a scientific,...
SciDev.Net – the Science and Development Network – is a not-for-profit organisation dedicated to providing reliable and authoritative information about science and technology for the developing...
Achim Steiner est le directeur exécutif du Programme des Nations Unies pour l'Environnement (PNUE). Auparavant, il a exercé de hautes fonctions à la Commission mondiale des barrages puis à l'Union...
André Bouny is the author of Agent Orange, Apocalypse Viêt Nam, which has just been published by Editions Demi-Lune (France).
David Molyneux is Professor Emeritus at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
Fred Pearce is journalist specialized in the environment and development. He was born in the United Kingdom and studied geography in the University of Cambridge. His latest book is When the Rivers...
New Scientist was founded in 1956, this internationally-focused weekly British magazine aims at giving readers exhaustive information on recent worldwide developments in science from a scientific,...
World Health Organization (WHO) is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. Established on 7 April 1948 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the...
(riirem : (French center for research and information on independent electromagnetic radiation) is a documentation center and a research laboratory with a European scientific council, presided by...
World Health Organization (WHO) is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. Established on 7 April 1948 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the...
New Scientist was founded in 1956, this internationally-focused weekly British magazine aims at giving readers exhaustive information on recent worldwide developments in science from a scientific,...
New Scientist was founded in 1956, this internationally-focused weekly British magazine aims at giving readers exhaustive information on recent worldwide developments in science from a scientific,...
Carlos Amorin is a journalist from Brazil, he is a member of the Information and Solidarity Network with South America (ISNSA) The ISNSA does not legally exist, and is not an association, NGO or...
Pharmacy professor, Jean Marie Pelt is above all a botanist, ecologist and toxicologist. After a long series of assignments abroad, he now shoulders numerous responsibilities. He founded the European...
Christophe Magdeleine (France) is a geo-statician. He designed the website of notre-planete.info, which collects ecological, environmental, and climate data, on which he writes numerous articles. He...
This professor of molecular biology also chairs the scientific board of CRII-GEN (Comité de Recherche et d'Information Indépendantes sur le génie Génétique), the main independent laboratory on GMO in...
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It was founded on 16 October 1945 in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. In 1951 its...
Tropics of Cancer?
10/08/2011 11:25 am
Cancer is sometimes thought of as a disease of wealthier countries, but it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in poorer ones as well. Indeed, by the end of this decade, about 150 million people worldwide will have cancer, with approximately 60% of them residing in developing countries.
Although fewer people in developing countries live to the age at which cancer is most prevalent, inadequate nutrition and environmental exposures to viruses and toxins, combined with a paucity of diagnostic and treatment options, increase cancer’s incidence and lethality. Many people in poor countries die from cancers that are preventable or treatable in wealthier societies, but they often succumb to other scourges as well, such as infectious diseases. So what could and should be done about this conundrum?
Margaret Chan, the head of the World Health Organization, and Yukiya Amano, director of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), noted in a recent article that most developing countries’ health-care systems are designed to cope with infectious diseases rather than cancer. I find this to be a rational strategy, given the heavy toll that infections take, and that many can be prevented and treated at a relatively modest cost.
The diagnosis and treatment of most types of cancer in developing countries would require a huge and daunting investment in infrastructure. As Chan and Amano point out:
“[M]ost lack the funds, equipment, and qualified personnel needed to provide basic care for cancer patients. Thirty countries – half of them in Africa – do not have a single radiotherapy machine. And these countries certainly do not have the financial resources, facilities, equipment, technology, infrastructure, staff, or training to cope with the long-term demands of cancer care.”
In order to begin addressing these deficiencies, “The IAEA’s work involves building countries’ capacity for radiation medicine. But technology means nothing without well-trained and motivated staff to use it.”
Such an approach is, however, poorly focused and unlikely to be cost-effective. As the United Nations’ own data make clear, infectious diseases, many of them preventable and treatable, remain the scourge of poorer populations. In 2008, about 250 million cases of malaria caused almost a million deaths, mostly of children under five. In virtually all poor, malaria-endemic countries, there is inadequate access to antimalarial medicines (especially artemisinin-based combination therapy).
The incidence of malaria could be reduced drastically by the judicious application of the mosquito-killing chemical DDT, but UN and national regulators have curtailed its availability, owing to misguided notions about its toxicity. Hundreds of millions suffer from other neglected tropical diseases, including lymphatic filariasis and cholera.
Although new HIV infections worldwide declined slightly during the past decade, 2.7 million people contracted the virus in 2008, and there were two million HIV/AIDS-related deaths. By the end of that year, more than four million people in low- and middle-income countries were receiving anti-retroviral therapy, but more than five million who were HIV-positive remained untreated. The number of new cases of tuberculosis cases worldwide is increasing, and the growing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of the bacteria is especially worrisome.
According to UN statistics, about 15% of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water, and “in 2008, 2.6 billion people had no access to a hygienic toilet or latrine,” while “1.1 billion were defecating in the open.” Primitive approaches to managing sewage continue to spread infections such as schistosomiasis, trachoma, viral hepatitis, and cholera.
Many cancers are likely caused by chronic viral infections, another reason that it is surely more sensible to attack infectious diseases by improving access to clean water, basic sanitation, antibiotics, and vaccines than it is to build radiotherapy facilities. In some technology-poor but oil-rich Middle East countries, state-of-the-art radiotherapy (and cardio-pulmonary bypass) equipment has been delivered, but never used, or has been damaged by electrical surges or power outages. And many poor countries do not have a single medical school, and when their citizens study abroad, they often stay there, or are ill-equipped for a low-tech milieu that is so different from where they trained.
Although the use of big-ticket equipment, expensive chemotherapy drugs, and sophisticated and complex procedures such as bone marrow transplantation would not be wise, this is not to say that we should give up entirely on cancer treatment in developing countries. Sometimes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are cost-effective. Vaccines to prevent hepatitis A and B (and C, when one becomes available) reduce the incidence not only of the viral infections, but also of sequelae such as cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma. And public-health efforts to curb air pollution and smoking could reduce the prevalence of lung cancer in Asia and Africa.
Another example is cervical cancers, many of which can be prevented by vaccines against human papilloma virus. And acetic acid can be used to visualize cervical cancers, which can then be treated with cryotherapy (freezing).
The bottom line is that in a world of limited health-care resources, we need to make hard decisions that will deliver high-impact outcomes for the most people at the least cost.
par Henry I. Miller
Copyright : Project Syndicate, 2011.
www.project-syndicate.org
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